Chapter 21

Chapter 21 Questions

Section 1:

1. Explain the phenomena of social facilitation, social loafing, and the risky shift. Why does each occur?
2. Discuss the different types of group decision making.
3. When and how does polarization occur?
4. Explain the styles of group leadership. Which type of leader do you tend to be?

Section 2:

5. What does it mean to conform? Explain the rle of groups and social norms.
6. What does Asch’s study show?
7. Why do people conform? Explain when and why you conform in your life.

Section 3:

8. What does Milgram’s experiment show about obedience?
9. Why do people obey? Why do you (sometimes) obey your teachers/parents?

Section 4:

10. Explain the five views of aggression. Which do you think is most accurate? Why?

Section 5:

11. Why does altruism exist? What factors promote and inhibit altruism? Explain the bystander effect.
12. Give an example where you acted altruistically, and explain why you did so.

Chapter 20

Chapter 20 Questions

Section 1:

1. What are attitudes? How do they shape our lives?
2. Discuss the ways our attitudes develop.
3. How do attitudes lead to behavior? When does the opposite happen?

Section 2:

4. What are two methods of persuasion?
5. What effect does repetition have on a message? Discuss two ways that messages can be presented persuasively.
6. Discuss the role of the messenger, situation, and audience on persuasion.
7. Why are some people more resistant to persuasion, and others more easily influenced?

Section 3:

8. What are the causes and effects of stereotypes?
9. Discuss the causes of prejudice.
10. How can we overcome prejudice?
11. Read W.E.B. DuBois’ account on page 467. How do you think the experience of being black in America has changed? What forms of prejudice remain?

Section 4:

12. How do the primary and recency effects affect how we think of other people?
13. What are the mistakes we tend to make in attributing behavior in ourselves and others to dispositional and situational causes?
14. Discuss the different forms of nonverbal communication

Section 5:

15. How does physical appearance influence attraction?
16. What other factors influence attraction?
17. What is friendship? How is love different from friendship?
18. What do you find attractive? What kind of person can you fall in love with? What kind of person do you like as a friend?

Unit Seven Test Review

Test - Thursday April 30

Psychology - Unit Seven Test - Stress, Health, Disorders and Therapy

Stress
Frustration, Daily Hassles, Life Changes
Conflict – approach/avoidance
Type A v. Type B Personality
Self-Efficacy Expectations
Psychological Hardiness
Sense of Humor
Predictability
Social Support
General Adaptation Syndrome
Alarm Reaction, Resistance Stage,Exhaustion Stage
Stress and the Immune System
Muscle-Tension Headaches
Migraine Headaches
Heart Disease/Cancer
Defensive Coping
Active Coping
Relaxation
Exercise
Psychological Disorder
Typicality
Maladaptivity
Emotional Discomfort
Socially Unacceptable Behavior
DSM-IV
Anxiety Disorders
Phobic Disorders/Phobias
Social Phobia
Panic Disorder
Agoraphobia
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
Acute Stress Disorder
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Biological v. Psychological Factors
Dissociative Disorders
Dissociative Amnesia
Dissociative Fugue
Dissociative Identity Disorder
Depersonalization Disorder
Somatoform Disorders
Conversion Disorder
Hypochondriasis
Mood Disorders
Major Depression
Dysthymia
Bipolar Disorder
Manic Episodes
Learned Helplessness
Internal, Stable, Global Explanations
Serotonin & Noradenaline deficiency
Schizophrenia
Paranoid Schizophrenia
Disorganized Schizophrenia
Catatonic Schizophrenia
Paranoid Personality Disorder
Schizoid Personality Disorder
Antisocial Personality Disorder
Avoidant Personality Disorder
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Drug Abuse/Dependence Disorder
Psychotherapy
Psychologists v. Psychiatrists
Individual v. Group Therapy
Self-help Groups
Encounter Groups
Psychoanalysis
Free Association
Dream Analysis
Manifest v. Latent content
Transference
Brief Psychoanalysis
Humanistic Therapy
Person-Centered Therapy
Active Listening
Cognitive Therapy
Rational-Emotive Therapy
Beck’s Cognitive Therapy
Behavior Therapy
Counterconditioning
Aversive Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
Successive Approximations
Drug Therapy
Antianxiety Drugs
Antidepressant Drugs
Lithium
Antipsychotic Drugs
Electroconvulsive Therapy
Psychosurgery
Prefrontal Lobotomy
Insanity Defense
John Nash
Andrea Yates

Chapter 19

Psychology
Mr. Dickson

Chapter 19 Questions

Section 1:

1. What are the goals of psychotherapy? What methods are used?
2. What are the differences between psychologists and psychiatrists?
3. What are the comparative advantages of individual and group therapy?
4. Discuss the different types of group therapy.

Section 2:

5. Describe the three main techniques of psychoanalysis.
6. How effective is psychoanalysis? How does brief psychoanalysis work?

Section 3:

7. Describe the humanistic approach of person-centered therapy.
8. When does person-centered therapy seem to be effective? When is it not?

Section 4;

9. Discuss the different types of cognitive therapy and their usefulness.
10. Explain how behavior therapy works. How effective is it?

Section 5:

11. Describe the different types of drugs used to treat disorders, and what they seem to be useful for.
12. Explain how electroconvulsive therapy and psychosurgery are used.
13. Of these different techniques, which seem the most useful? Which might you use in addressing problems in your life, should you experience mental illness?

Chapter 18

Chapter 18 Questions

Section 1:

1. How common are psychological disorders? Is this surprising? Explain.
2. Describe the four symptoms of psychological disorders.
3. What is the DSM-IV? How does it classify disorders?
4. Read page 412. Does it make sense for people to sometimes be found innocent by reason of insanity? When and why?

Section 2:

5. Give a general description of anxiety disorders.
6. Describe the five types of anxiety disorders.
7. Discuss the possible psychological and biological origins of anxiety.
8. Read page 418. Describe some of the effects of 9/11.

Section 3:

9. What is dissociation?
10. Describe the four types of dissociative disorders.
11. What may cause dissociative disorders?

Section 4:

12. Describe the two main forms of somatoform disorders.
13. What causes somatoform disorders?

Section 5:

14. What is depression? How is it diagnosed?
15. How is bipolar disorder different from depression?
16. What is learned helplessness? How does it lead to depression?
17. How do certain types of cognitive explanations for life events lead to depression?
18. What biological factors affect depression? How do biological and psychological factors interact to make depression worse?
19. We all feel depressed sometimes. Have you ever felt depressed for a long period of time, and experiences the other symptoms listed on page 423? How can you overcome feelings of depression?

Section 6:

20. Describe the types of schizophrenia.
21. What causes schizophrenia according to the psychological and biological views? Briefly explain the multifactorial model.

Section 7:

22. What are personality disorders? How are they different from other disorders?
23. Describe the types of personality disorders.
24. Summarize the explanations of personality disorders.

Chapter 17

Psychology
Mr. Dickson

Chapter 17 Questions

Section 1:

1. Define stress, and the difference between negative and positive stress.
2. What are the main sources of stress? Give several examples.
3. Discuss how different types of conflict cause stress.
4. What is the difference between type A and type B personalities? Which are you closer to?

Section 2:

5. What are self-efficacy expectations? How do they affect responses to stress?
6. What makes someone “psychologically hardy”?
7. How does humor reduce stress?
8. How can you give support to someone dealing with stress?

Section 3:

9. Describe the three stages of General Adaptation Syndrome.
10. Why is the immune system important? How does stress impact it?
11. Have you ever gotten sick because of stress? Give an example.

Section 4:

12. How are the different kinds of headaches related to stress?
13. What are some of the factors that may cause hearth disease? What can you do to prevent it?
14. Discuss the risk factors for cancer, and the psychological effects of cancer.
15. What experiences have you had in your family with cancer and heart disease?

Section 5:

16. Why are defensive coping mechanisms not generally successful at dealing with stress? Give an example.
17. Discuss how each of active coping mechanisms can help relieve stress:
a. changing stressful thoughts
b. relaxation
c. exercise
18. Which coping mechanisms do you find to be most successful in your own life? Which might help if you used them more?

Gender Survey Lab

Due Monday 3/16

Gender Survey Lab

Purpose:
-To use the survey method to investigate gender difference

Method:
-Divide into pairs
-Choose a target area of behavior to investigate in which you think there may be some gender difference, or in which people often assume there is some gender difference
-Develop a hypothesis about the target behavior (i.e. how much gender difference you will find)
-Compose 2-4 questions to give measurable data related to the
hypothesis
-Administer the survey
-Compile the data on your selected questions
-Analyze the results

Analysis:
-Record the data for all relevant questions from each survey
-Assess and categorize the responses
-Calculate averages, where appropriate
-If useful, create scatter or bar graphs to assemble and display the data
-Analyze the results, looking for patterns and/or correlations

Conclusions:
-Draw possible conclusions from your results
-Does you hypothesis appear correct? To what extent?
-Consider possible flaws and uncertainties in your results
-Discuss ways of improving the survey relative to your target behavior

Chapter 16

Due Tuesday 3/10

Chapter 16 Questions:

Section 1:

1. What gender roles are typical in the U.S. today, in your experience? How are these different form traditional gender roles?
2. How do gender stereotypes compare to the way men and women see themselves?
3. We often talk about having a masculine and feminine side to our personalities. Using the list on page 364, describe which of your personality traits are more “masculine” and which are more “feminine.”

Section 2:

4. What gender differences exist in cognitive ability? How significant are these?
5. Discuss gender differences in:
a. aggression
b. communication style
c. mate selection
6. Read the box on page 368. According Tannen, how do men and women differ in terms of intimacy and independence? How does the story of Nancy and Josh reflect this?

Section 3:

7. What is gender typing? How does it develop?
8. According to biologists, how do genetics and hormones shape gender roles?
9. What does psychoanalytic theory tell us about gender development?
10. How do reinforcement and modeling shape gender according to social-learning theorists?
11. What is a gender schema? According to the theory, how do we acquire them?
12. Read the box on page 375. How does television seem to influence our ideas of gender? Do you agree that TV has a significant impact? Why?

Section 4:

13. How are gender roles in the United States different today than they were in the past?
14. What did Margaret Mead find among the tribes of New Guinea? Why has she been ciricized?
15. What do you think these variations tell us about gender and the source of gender roles?

Chapter 15

Due: Monday, March 2

Chapter 15 Questions:

Section 1:

1. Why and how are psychological tests developed and used?

Section 2:

2. What are the differences between achievement and aptitude tests?
3. What was your experience with the SAT? Do you feel it was an achievement or aptitude test, or both? Does the SAT have validity?
4. What are the contributions and limitations of interest inventories?

Section 3:

5. How do objective personality tests work? What can they tell us?
6. How are projective tests different? Does this make them more or less useful? Why?
7. What does the Rorschach inkblot on page 352 look like to you? Can you say anything about your personality based on your response?
8. Create a brief story based on the drawing on page 354. What might your story indicate about your personality?
9. Read the “Case Studies” box on page 353. On the Meyers-Briggs scale, what is your personality type? Does this label have real meaning?

Section 4:

10. What advice does the book give for test taking in each area?
a. test preparation
b. multiple-choice questions
c. true-false questions
d. short-answer questions
e. essay questions
11. How can you avoid test anxiety?
12. What of this advice rings true for you?

Chapter 14

Journal due Weds 2/11

Chapter 14 Questions:

Section 1:

1. What does trait theory tell us about peoples’ personalities? What are some of the traits they cite as basic to our personality? Does this make sense to you?

Section 2:

2. Discuss Freud’s idea of the id, ego, and superego.
3. Describe the defense mechanisms Freud says we use to avoid dealing with ideas that cause anxiety for us. Are defense mechanisms normal?
4. Give a brief overview of the five stages of development that Freud describes.
5. Discuss Jung’s idea of the collective unconscious.
6. According to Adler, how does our inferiority complex shape our behavior?
7. How did Erikson modify Freud’s theories?
8. What are the major contributions of the psychoanalytical theorists?

Section 3:

9. What is the ideal society that Skinner describes in Walden Two? Why are people not free?
10. For social learning theorists, what internal factors also influence our behavior?

Section 4:

11. How do Humanists approach the idea of personality?
12. According to Rogers, how do people develop their personalities through their self-concepts?

Section 5:

13. For sociocultural theorists, what elements in society shape our personalities? How does acculturation show this?
14. Of the learning, humanistic and sociocultural theories of personality, which do find most important? Why?

Chapter 13

Journal Due Weds 2/4

Chapter 13 Questions:

Section 1:

1. What is a drive? How does it shape behavior?
2. What motivates behavior according to drive-reduction theory?
3. How is humanistic theory different from drive-reduction theory?
4. Explain Maslow’s hierarchy of needs.
5. Which theory makes the most sense to you?

Section 2:

6. What causes the hunger drive to be satisfied?
7. What causes you to feel hungry?
8. How does psychology influence the hunger drive?
9. What are the elements of a healthy weight-loss program?
10. Discuss the causes of obesity. Do you know anyone who has struggled with this?

Section 3:

11. Why do people seek sensory stimulation? Why do they explore?
12. What two kinds of achievement do people seek? Why do people seem to seek one or the other kind? Which do you seek?
13. What is important for us to find consistency in? What do we do if there is inconsistency?
14. Discuss why people under stress seem to seek affiliation.

Section 4:

15. What does it mean to experience an emotion?
16. Why do lie detectors often work? Why are they unreliable?
17. Summarize each theory of emotion in a sentence. Which one seems most accurate to you? Use a recent emotional experience form your life as an example.

Chapter 12

Due Tues 1/20

Chapter 12 Questions:

Section 1:

1. Describe the major tasks and events of young adulthood.
2. What seems to affect who people choose to marry? Compare this to your parents.
3. Why do some marriages end in divorce? What impact does divorce have on parents and children? Discuss experiences you or your friends have had with divorce.

Section 2:

4. Describe the major tasks of middle adulthood.
5. What is a midlife crisis? Have you seen your parents or other relatives go through one? Explain.
6. What is true of the “empty nest syndrome”? How do you think your parents will deal with this?
7. What is menopause? How does it affect women? Has your mother been through it? If so, how did it affect her?

Section 3:

8. Discuss the theories of why people age.
9. What are the effects of dementia and Alzheimer’s? Have you seen this in your grandparents? Explain.
10. What life changes occur in late adulthood? What helps people stay happy and productive? Discuss you grandparents’ experiences.

Section 4:

11. What helps people adjust to death and dying?
12. How do we cope when people we love die? How do funerals help? Have you experienced this? Explain.

Chapter 11

Due Monday 1/12

Chapter 11 Questions:

Section 1:

1. Summarize the physical changes that we undergo during adolescence. How are these different for men and women? Does this describe your experiences?

Section 2:

2. According to the book, how do relationships with parents change? Does this match your experience?
3. What does the book say about how peers influence adolescents – in friendships, cliques, romantic relationships, etc.? How does this compare to how you were influenced?

Section 3:

4. What does it mean to develop an identity? What is an identity crisis?
5. Describe the different categories of identity status in adolescents.
6. How do gender and ethnicity influence identity formation?

Section 4:

7. What seems to cause eating disorders? Have you known people who struggled with these disorders? What do you think caused them? How can we treat these disorders?
8. According to the book, what leads to substance abuse in teens? Do you agree? How big a problem is this in Harwich?
9. How do teens view sexuality? What problems are associated with teen pregnancy? Do you know anyone who got pregnant as a teen? How did they deal with it?
10. What seems to lead to juvenile delinquency? What seems to prevent it? Do you know anyone who’s had trouble with the law? What led them into these problems?